純堿在印染行業的十二大用
Twelve uses of soda ash in printing and dyeing industry
1.軟水劑：
1. Water softener:
為了避免在印染加工過程中生成不溶於水的鈣、鎂肥皂或染料沈淀，可采用適當的方法以去除水中鈣、鎂等鹽，這種處理過程叫做水的軟化。
In order to avoid the formation of water-insoluble calcium and magnesium soaps or dye deposits in the printing and dyeing process, appropriate methods can be used to remove calcium, magnesium and other salts in the water. This treatment process is called water softening.
水中加入純堿能使鈣離子或鎂離子成為碳酸鹽而析出，從而達到軟化作用。
Adding soda ash to water can make calcium ions or magnesium ions become carbonates and precipitate, so as to achieve softening effect.
2.煮練劑：
2. Scouring agent:
色紗織物是由經過染色的紗線和沒有經過練漂的原紗織成，兩者的比例隨品種而不同。像格子花呢一類，色紗所占的比例很大，條格府綢一類，色紗所占的比例就少得多。色紗織物的煮練不能用一般棉布煮練的工藝條件，因為織物中的條格色紗大多用硫化、還原、納夫妥等染料染成。
Colored yarn fabric is made of dyed yarn and raw yarn without scouring and bleaching. The proportion of the two varies with the variety. Like plaid, the proportion of colored yarn is very large, while that of checked poplin is much smaller. The scouring of colored yarn fabrics cannot use the general cotton scouring process conditions, because the Striped colored yarn in the fabric is mostly dyed with dyes such as vulcanization, reduction, NAFTA, etc.
這些染料在高溫、高壓的燒堿強堿液中劇烈煮練時，容易溶落下來而沾污白地，造成嚴重搭色。因此，格子花呢和格子府綢煮練時，就不能用燒堿，而只能單獨用純堿，且煮練時不能加壓，而是要在開口煮布鍋中常壓下進行，以免剝落嵌條色紗的色澤而污染白地。
When these dyes are vigorously digested in high temperature and high pressure caustic soda, they are easy to dissolve and stain the white ground, causing serious color matching. Therefore, when plaid and plaid poplin are cooked, soda cannot be used, but only soda alone, and the cooking cannot be pressurized, but should be carried out under normal pressure in an open cloth cooking pot, so as not to peel off the color of the Striped yarn and pollute the white ground.
3.乳化練毛劑：
3. Emulsion scouring agent:
生羊毛纖維因含有多量灰塵雜質，不適於紡織工程，故多在紡毛前將原毛施行洗毛。一般利用純堿及肥皂，使羊毛上脂肪雜質成乳化體而去除。
Raw wool fiber is not suitable for textile engineering because it contains a lot of dust impurities, so it is often washed before spinning. Generally, soda ash and soap are used to remove fat impurities on wool into emulsions.
其法每千份水中加純堿3～10份，及肥皂2～5份，於45℃時攪拌精練，用溫水清洗。
The method is to add 3 ~ 10 parts of soda ash and 2 ~ 5 parts of soap per thousand parts of water, stir and refine at 45 ℃, and wash with warm water.
4.精練劑：
4. Scouring agent:
毛線及毛織物因原毛已經精練，只是為了再除去紡織時所加的滑潤油及制造時沾著的污跡而已，手續遠較精練原毛簡易。通常用織物重的2～4％純堿及1～3％肥皂，溫度35～40℃。
Wool and wool fabrics have been refined because of raw wool, just to remove the lubricating oil added during spinning and the stains stained during manufacturing. The procedure is much simpler than that of refined raw wool. Usually, 2 ~ 4% soda ash and 1 ~ 3% soap of fabric weight are used, and the temperature is 35 ~ 40 ℃.
5.練絲用劑：
5. Silk scouring agent:
蠶絲纖維主要為絲纖維與絲膠質組合而成，其他雜質甚少，僅含微量蠟質脂肪。絲膠質含量達30％左右，包覆於絲纖維質外部，其化學成分雖與絲纖維質相似，但缺乏光澤，性質粗硬，欲發揮絲的柔軟光澤特性，應將絲膠質充分除去。
Silk fiber is mainly composed of silk fiber and silk colloid, with few other impurities and only a trace of waxy fat. The content of silk colloid is about 30%, which is coated on the outside of silk fiber. Although its chemical composition is similar to that of silk fiber, it lacks luster and is rough and hard. In order to give full play to the soft luster characteristics of silk, the silk colloid should be fully removed.
絲膠質能在含肥皂及弱堿性的熱水中軟化溶解，絲纖維質則不溶，利用此項特性，故有肥皂練絲法及純堿練絲法。
Silk colloid can soften and dissolve in hot water containing soap and weak alkaline, while silk fiber is insoluble. Using this property, there are soap silk scouring method and soda ash silk scouring method.
6.染棉助劑：
6. Cotton dyeing auxiliaries:
純堿用作直接染料染棉助劑，能起緩和染著和軟化硬水的作用。又硫化染料染棉時，除加硫化鈉作染料溶劑外，常加純堿若干，以輔助溶解染料。若硫化堿的功效十分充足時，就不必加用純堿。此外如還原染料也常加純堿若干以作輔助染劑。
Soda ash can be used as an auxiliary agent for cotton dyeing with direct dyes, which can ease the dyeing and soften hard water. When dyeing cotton with sulfur dyes, in addition to adding sodium sulfide as the dye solvent, some soda ash is often added to assist in dissolving the dyes. If the efficacy of alkali sulfide is very sufficient, it is not necessary to add soda ash. In addition, vat dyes are often added with soda ash as auxiliary dyes.
7.色漿堿劑：
7. Color paste alkali:
有些還原染料如士林艷桃紅R、藍3G等比較容易氧化，且對燒堿也很敏感，因此以強堿作為它們溶解用的堿劑時，往往會使印花后的得色較暗而帶紫光；為了克服這一疵點，常用純堿來代替燒堿。dyebbs
Some vat dyes, such as Shilin brilliant peach red R and blue 3G, are relatively easy to oxidize and are also very sensitive to caustic soda. Therefore, when strong alkali is used as the alkali agent for their dissolution, it often makes the color after printing darker and purple; In order to overcome this defect, soda ash is often used to replace caustic soda. dyebbs
此外，由於燒堿或碳酸鉀的吸濕性能都比較強，蒸處時某些著色拔染印花的色漿，在花型邊綠往往產生色暈，為了克服這個毛病，也常以純堿代替燒堿或碳酸鉀。
In addition, due to the strong hygroscopic properties of caustic soda or potassium carbonate, some dye discharge printing pastes tend to produce color halos when steaming. In order to overcome this problem, soda ash is often used instead of caustic soda or potassium carbonate.
8.凈洗劑：
8. Detergent:
一般色布與印花布后處理時，常以純堿與肥皂合用為凈洗劑。肥皂為脂肪酸的鈉或鉀鹽，是良好的凈洗劑。肥皂在稀溶液中會發生水解，濃度到達0.16～0.2％時凈洗能力即達到高峰。
In the post-treatment of general colored and printed fabrics, soda ash and soap are often used as detergent. Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids, which is a good detergent. Soap will be hydrolyzed in dilute solution, and the washing capacity will reach the peak when the concentration reaches 0.16 ~ 0.2%.
為了獲得充分的去污能力，尤其是污垢較多時，應將它的濃度提高到0.5％左右。為了抑制稀溶液（小於0.1％）中肥皂的水解，可在洗液中加入0.1％的純堿，在較濃的洗液中純堿的用量應酌予減低。純堿并對硬水有軟化作用，從而發揮了肥皂的洗滌作用。
In order to obtain sufficient decontamination capacity, especially when there is much dirt, its concentration should be increased to about 0.5%. In order to inhibit the hydrolysis of soap in dilute solution (less than 0.1%), 0.1% soda ash can be added to the washing solution, and the amount of soda ash in thicker washing solution should be reduced. Soda ash also softens hard water, thus giving play to the washing effect of soap.
9.固色劑：
9. Color fixing agent:
活性染料在棉纖維或合成纖維上染色時，是借堿性物而固色的，用溫和堿性物如碳酸鈉的稀溶液，可得優良效果。用量可根據色澤濃度而酌量增減。
When reactive dyes are dyed on cotton or synthetic fibers, they are fixed by alkaline substances. Good results can be obtained by using a dilute solution of mild alkaline substances such as sodium carbonate. The dosage can be increased or decreased according to the color concentration.
例如普通型活性染料進行卷染，大多在第5～6道時，於染浴中加入純堿約1％（對染液汁）作為固色劑。一般染色6道、固色6道，溫度20～21℃。
For example, when ordinary reactive dyes are used for jigging, about 1% of soda ash (for dye juice) is added to the dye bath as a fixing agent in the 5th to 6th passes. Generally, there are 6 dyeing and 6 fixation, and the temperature is 20 ~ 21 ℃.
10.防白用劑：
10. Anti whitening agent:
阿尼林黑防染印花的防白糊調制時，除加用鋅氧粉、增白劑外，再加用純堿約70～100克∕升，將阿尼林黑染料成分中的鹽酸抵消，使阿尼林黑不能發色，從而達到防白效果。也有采用醋酸鈉代替純堿作防染劑，但防白輪廓不及用純堿的清晰。
When preparing the anti white paste of anilin black anti dye printing, in addition to adding zinc oxide powder and brightener, add about 70 ~ 100 g / L of soda ash to offset the hydrochloric acid in the anilin black dye components, so that anilin black can not be colored, so as to achieve the anti white effect. Sodium acetate is also used to replace soda ash as anti dye, but the anti white outline is not as clear as that of soda ash.
11.“風印”用劑：
11. "Wind seal" agent:
活性染料含有反應性基團，可和纖維結合而固著。目前常用染料有低溫固著（X型或普通型）、高溫固著（K型或熱固型）。染者無疆編輯
Reactive dyes contain reactive groups, which can be bound to fibers and fixed. At present, the commonly used dyes are low-temperature fixation (X-type or ordinary type), high-temperature fixation (K-type or thermosetting type). Dyer Wujiang editor
活性染料在棉布上直接印花具有色澤鮮艷、牢度優良、不受光化影響而引起纖維脆損等優點。但它還存在不耐氯漂以及所謂“風印”的缺點。
The direct printing of reactive dyes on cotton fabric has the advantages of bright color, excellent fastness, and no fiber brittleness caused by photochemistry. However, it is not resistant to chlorine bleaching and the so-called "wind print" shortcomings.
“風印”是指印花加工品露於空氣部分有不規則的色淡，這主要是由於印花織物在汽蒸固色前，露置空氣部分與酸氣起了中和作用，削弱了染料賴以固色的堿劑。因此印前白胚布預軋足量堿劑（一般軋吃純堿20克∕升），不但使染料基本上可以克服風印，而且給色量有顯著提高。此外，印后的花布用薄膜或棉罩四周包裹，不使花布有局部露出，待汽蒸后，就不再產生風印疵病。
"Wind printing" refers to the irregular light color of the exposed part of the printed fabric in the air, which is mainly due to the neutralization between the exposed part of the printed fabric and the acid gas before steam fixation, which weakens the alkali agent on which the dye depends for color fixation. Therefore, pre rolling sufficient alkali agent (generally 20 g / L soda ash) for prepress white embryo cloth not only makes the dye basically overcome wind printing, but also significantly improves the color giving amount. In addition, the printed cloth is wrapped around with a film or cotton cover to prevent partial exposure of the cloth. After steaming, there will be no wind printing defects.
12.清晰劑：
12. Clarifier:
縮聚翠藍I5G在棉布上直接印花，印前白坯布預軋足量堿劑（純堿20克∕升），印花后經汽蒸，對染料給色量、水洗牢度、細條輪廓清晰都有顯著提高。
Polycondensated turquoise blue i5g is directly printed on cotton cloth. The white cloth is pre rolled with sufficient alkali agent (20 g / L of soda ash) before printing. After printing, it is steamed, which significantly improves the dye dosage, washing fastness and clear outline of thin strips.
但純堿不宜代替小蘇打在印花色漿中作堿劑，因以純堿10克∕升代替小蘇打10克∕升，雖可縮短汽蒸時間，但得色較暗，色漿穩定性也差（用小蘇打色漿可放置3～4天，用純堿的只有8小時）。
However, soda ash should not replace baking soda as an alkaline agent in the printing paste, because using 10 g / L of soda ash instead of 10 g / L of baking soda can shorten the steaming time, but the color is darker and the stability of the paste is poor (the paste with baking soda can be stored for 3-4 days, and only 8 hours with soda ash).
